Palm kernel shell (PKS) is a by-product of the palm oil industry but is fast becoming an important source of feedstock for biomass energy generation. Although always traditionally used by palm oil mills as a source of energy, interest from power generators is growing. Given its high energy content (14-20GJ/t) and the fact that it is a waste product, PKS is a relatively cheap source of biomass fuel. The introduction of subsidy support schemes for biomass use in Japan and South Korea in 2012 hugely increased demand for the fuel. Before its use in Asia, PKS imports from Africa