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WHAT IS MANGO?
Mangoes are believed to have originated from the region
between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh & northeastern India. It
is considered an evolutionary
anachronism whereby seed
dispersal was once
accomplished by a now-extinct evolutionary forager such
as a megafauna mammal.
From their centre of origin, mangoes diverged into 2
genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group & the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having mono-embryonic fruits while the Southeast Asian group is
characterized by poly-embryonic fruits. It
was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single domestication event
in South
Asia before being spread to Southeast
Asia but a 2019 study found no
evidence of a centre of diversity in India. Instead it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have
originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors also cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes may be the result of
other reasons (like interspecific
hybridization with other Mangifera species native to the Malesian eco-region).
Nevertheless, the existence of 2 distinct genetic populations also identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed & would at least
indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia & South Asia.
From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East
Africa by Arab &
Persian traders
in the 9th to 10th centuries. The 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn
Battuta reported it at Mogadishu. It
was spread further into other areas around the world during the Colonial
Era. The Portuguese
Empire spread the mangoes from their colony in Goa to
East &
West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the
17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the Caribbean &
eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The Spanish
Empire also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to
western Mexico via
the Manila
galleons from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by
1833.
They are now cultivated in
most frost-free
tropical & warmer subtropical climates. They are cultivated extensively in South
Asia, Southeast
Asia, East &
West
Africa, the tropical & subtropical Americas &
the Caribbean.
Mangoes are also grown
in Andalusia, Spain (mainly
in Málaga
province), as its coastal
subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that
permits the growth of tropical plants & fruit trees. The Canary
Islands are another notable
Spanish producer of the fruit. Other minor cultivators include North America (in South Florida & the California Coachella
Valley), Hawaii & Australia.
Many commercial cultivars are
grafted on to the cold-hardy root stock of Gomera-1 mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean
climate. Many of the 1,000+ mango cultivars are easily cultivated using
grafted saplings, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its strong taste of turpentine)
to the Bullock's Heart. Dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties serve as ornamental
plants & can be grown in containers. A wide
variety of diseases can afflict mangoes.
An important breakthrough in mango cultivation is the use of potassium
nitrate & ethrel to induce flowering in mangoes. The discovery was made by Filipino horticulturist Ramon
Barba in 1974 & was developed from the uniquely traditional method of inducing mango flowering using smoke in the Philippines. It allowed mango plantations to induce regular flowering
& fruiting all year round. Previously, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16-18 months. The method is now used in most mango-producing countries.
*Courtesy of Wikipedia
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