analysis and discussion of the main points of stadium grandstand architectural design
PengJun Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Institute ofArchitectural Design Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200072 Summary Health is an inevitable requirement to promote people's all-round development and a basic condition for economic and social development. Under the background of sports power and healthy China, sports boom is on the rise, and sports buildings and facilities as basic hardware are becoming more and more popular. This paper analyzes some key points and difficulties of grandstand design in sports stadiums, and aims to study a reasonable and feasible, step-by-step, easy-to-master, universal application and grandstand design method that can solve key problems.Keywords: Sports architecture; Grandstand design;Line of Sight Design; Grandstand protection With the demand for sports events and the development of economic technology, the stadium grandstand has evolved from a simple concrete step into today's multi-storey composite viewing space. As a space for people to see, the most essential requirement of the grandstand is the viewing effect and security. Therefore, we design with these two basic points in mind, both to improve the viewing of the grandstand, but also to ensure its safety.1 Typeof grandstand 1.1Grandstand function and design focus The grandstand is mainly for spectators to watch the game, and the small outdoor grandstand also has both communication and viewing. The key issues of stadium grandstand design include audience sight, grandstand evacuation, security protection, etc. <1.2 Types and selectionof grandstands According to the height of the front row of the grandstand can be divided into the first row floor-mounted grandstand and the first row lift grandstand.The first row of floor-to-ceiling grandstands is characterized by the first row landing or vertical distance from the ground closer, the grandstand layout can be closer to the playing field, spectators can establish communication with the field, suitable for all types of games and activities Evacuation; due to the landing of the front steps, the overall height of the grandstand is reduced, the view of the grandstand is reduced by the influence of the front row, the viewing angle of the grandstand can be reduced, the grandstand slope can be more slow, very suitable for combining the terrain and downhill grandstand, in addition to the ground-floor grandstand of a large stadium. Large stadium seating is large, in order to set up more seats within a reasonable line of sight range, the ground-floor grandstand landing setting can reduce the distance between the front end of the grandstand and the edge of the arena. The first row of lift-style grandstand features the bottom of the grandstand as a supporting room, the spectator area and the competition venue separated from avoid interference with the game, from the front row, the steps have a certain height, in the grandstand all seats can see all the athletes on the field, good viewing vision, in the lower part of the grandstand supporting room, staff can directly through the window to observe the situation in the competition venue, the event management, event technical work and site security work is very beneficial.Depending on the seating situation in the grandstand, it can be divided into a sitting grandstand and a stand-up grandstand. Station stands are often found in European football stadiums, because of the different levels of football leagues, the number of spectators is very different, stand grandstands can accommodate more spectators in the final. DDue to the line of sight impact, safety, management and other factors, the design of the domestic stadium grandstand is suitable for the use of sitting type.Depending on the construction form, it can be divided into fixed (permanent) grandstands and active grandstands (temporary). At present, there are many types of finished product activity grandstands on the market, can be mechanically assisted control to expand and collect, according to the number of spectators to enable. The event grandstand is also suitable for a variety of sports combinations, with grandstands closed for ample playing space during larger sports events.According to the size of the seat in the grandstand can be divided into single-layer grandstand, multi-layer (stacked) grandstand. Multi-layer (stacked) grandstands can use the space between the upper and lower grandstands to arrange VIP compartments. Multi-layer (overlapping) grandstand construction is complex, high cost, the upper grandstand height is large and steep, easy to produce dizziness, only suitable for large stadiums or one-sided arrangement of grandstands of medium-sized stadiums.1.3 Grandstandlayout Grandstands are generally arranged around sports venues and can be divided into one-sided layout, two-sided layout, U-shaped layout and ring layout according to size and layout. The one-sided layout is arranged on one side of the long axis direction of the sports ground, in order to avoid the influence of sunlight, generally arranged on the west side, the two-sided layout, that is, on both sides of the long axis direction of the stadium, the grandstand seat occupies a better position of view; <2. Sizeand scale 2.1 Grandstand size is determined according to the level of the stadium. First of all, according to the functional positioning of the stadium to determine its building grade, sports buildings are divided into special level (hosting the Asian Games, Olympic Games and world-class competition home), Class A (to hold national and individual international competitions), Class B (to hold regional and national individual competitions), Level C (to host local, mass sports games) four levels. The size of the stadium has a certain correspondence with the level of sports building, according to the sports building grade and the specific needs of the project to further determine the scale. The scale of thestadium is gradedas follows: 2.2 scale to determine the first step from the edge of the competition site horizontal distance, to the most common track and field as an example, considering the buffer distance of the competition venue, advertising space and the staff traffic and necessary activity distance, in general, the front row of the grandstand to the edge of the track 6 to 12 meters is appropriate.Take the front step length L (for the ring grandstand is perimeter). After the vertical walkway width, evacuation exit width, seat left and right spacing, etc. are apportioned, the average width of each seat is about 0.6 meters according to the engineering example, then the number of seats in the first row is L/0.6, and then the number of rows is determined according to the overall size of the grandstand (the number of seats per row of the ring grandstand will be increased by a number of front row, calculated to be taken into account), and then according to the selected front and rear distance, and then determine the grandstand size plane.The height of the grandstand depends on two factors: the height of the first row relative to the height of the ground rise in the sports field, and the average height difference between the adjacent two rows. The height of the first row rises mainly depends on whether there is a pass requirement in the lower part, when there is a pass requirement, the net height of the channel is not less than 2 meters, then the height of the first row step step from the ground of the stadium is: ≥ 2 meters plus beam height. For example: the use of frame structure form, column span 7 to 8 meters, beam height of 600mm, then the first row rise of 2.7 meters is more appropriate. The front and rear row of the high difference can be between 350 to 550mm value, choose the high difference, pay attention to whether the front and rear row distance meets the vertical walkway up and down the walking steps laid. When the number of rows is small, it is advisable to use the same high difference to simplify the construction, and when the number of rows is high, the high difference in the back row should be gradually increased in order to achieve better line-of-sight effect.3. Seatdesign Seat design mainly involves three aspects: seat form, front and rear distance, front and rear high difference. The topheight of the seat suitable for human comfort in the grandstand is generally 400 to 450mm.3.1 Seat form is divided into back-to-back and backless (including stool) two forms, according to the installation method has the step front stepping surface installation, step rear stepping surface installation, step wall mounting.In the case of the same quality seat, the cost of these three installation methods from high to low in turn: step rear stepping installation, step wall mounting, step front stepping installation.The step rear stepper mounting seats are fixed and folded and are generally used at low step heights. Folding seat advantage is to expand the width of the aisle in front of the seat, walking and evacuation is more convenient, do not use when the seat plate folding and retracing, not easy to accumulate water, ash. The disadvantage is that the seat support is installed on the tread, step face cleaning is more troublesome, easy to accumulate dirt;the step front stepping mounting seat is installed in front of the step step, usually directly nailed to the ground or with a simple bracket. the height of the steps is suitable for use at 370 to 400mm. the two biggest differences between this form of seating and the other two are: each step step in front of the installation of the front row of seats, the back of the treading side of the row of passages, so each row of seats on both sides and vertical walkway steps connected to a certain width (generally a flow of people, that is, 600mm), so that the audience can walk to the vertical walkway.as a result, the step utilization rate is reduced, and at each row of vertical walkways, there is no blocking between the adjacent two steps, reducing safety. the solution is to pan the small steps in the vertical walkway back and eat into the grandstand steps, as shown in figure 4.however, this measure interrupts the triangular cross-section of the grandstand steps, resulting in the lower beam of the grandstand structure affecting the net height of the lower space, which should be noted when adopting. the front step mounting seat is the most economical, the installation is the most simple and convenient, so the practical application is more extensive.step wall mounting seats, mounted on the back row of steps on the kick surface, requires the steps have a certain height, generally more than 400mm with installation conditions. wall-mounted seats are also divided into fixed and folding, with features similar to those mounted on the rear stepping of the steps. compared to the other two mounting forms, wall mounting seats have little problem of accumulating dirt, and cleaning is most convenient. wall-mounted seats are placed at the rear of the steps, so each row of seats can be arranged to the edge of the vertical walkway steps, which are highly utilized.however, from a hygienic and clean point of view, the fewer seats are mounted on the tread, the easier the steps are to be cleaned, so the kick mount (wall mount) is more appropriate.3.2 frontand rear rear pitch the choice of frontand rear rear distance depends mainly on the seat, and the size of the seat is shown in the following image: after the seat is determined, the distance can be further determined. it is worth noting that the grandstand steps are arranged in multiple rows, except for the first and last row and the exclusion of adjacent horizontal walkways, the net size of the steps will not be affected by the tectonic level.3.3 after determining the seat form and distance, combined with the seat installation requirements and vertical walkway adjacent rows of small steps laying requirements, basically can limit the front and rear row height difference to a very small range, at this time the determination of the height difference mainly depends on the factors of high line of sight.4.lineof sight design line of sight design runs through the program and technical stages of grandstand design, and the line of sight analysis, verification and adjustment should be carried out in many different design nodes in order to achieve the best visual effects under the premise of meeting the technical requirements. the view of the grandstand is influenced by many factors, such as the orientation of the grandstand seat, the distance between the grandstand and the sports field, the distance of the grandstand, the height difference of the grandstand, so the view view design of the grandstand is a dynamic design analysis process in the whole design process, which should be adjusted and optimized with various influencing factors.4.1 line-of-sight design methods are: row-by-row calculation, line-by-line calculation, arbitrary order calculation, drawing method. the drawing method is the most simple and intuitive, and can avoid the systemic trouble caused by the calculation error, so it can be used as the design method of choice in the design stage and the expression method of line-of-sight analysis. figure 6。(Figure VI)The height and position of the viewpoint vary according to the type of sports, generally take the most adverse point of the ground position at the edge of the competition venue for design analysis, and the human eye sitting height is based on the average height h-1150mm.4.2 According to the horizontal distance from the sports field, front and rear row distance, grandstand elevation difference and other factors determined in the preceding section, the grandstand contours are drawn. In order to ensure the accuracy of the line-of-sight design, the position of the human eye should be determined according to the form of the mounting seat.The line-of-sight elevation difference C value is the vertical distance between the human eye and the rear row of sight, and the purpose of controlling the line-of-sight rise difference is to ensure that the line of sight of the rear-row personnel is not obscured by the head of the front-row personnel. C value control between 6cm to 12cm, C value 6cm is the most basic line of sight requirements, grandstand design all seats to be guaranteed, C value 12cm can achieve better line of sight effect, suitable for viewing higher standard seats, such as the podium, VIP area, comment area, etc., as well as the front and rear row of fewer cases.In practical engineering cases, sometimes in order to reduce the front head cover, take the form of front and rear seats staggered arrangement, this way in the viewpoint concentration of the report hall is more appropriate, but in the viewpoint scattered stadium, the effect is minimal, because the audience most of the time is not looking forward, but with the pace of the game, constantly watching the left front or right front. It is also important to note that when watching the game, most spectators wear hats out of shade or support for the team, and the eaves are easily obscured from the rear view. Therefore, the engineering design, within the scope of the conditions, as much as possible to increase the line of sight difference to ensure better line-of-sight effect. It should be noted, however, that in order to meet a given C value, the rear of the grandstand is very high, the grandstand slope is steep, affecting the safety of walking and causing a sense of vertigo. The grandstand should not be designed to be more than 30 degrees.line of sight design should also pay attention to the front of the grandstand channel, guardrails to block the line of sight, the top of the grandstand evacuation port railings to block the line of sight. the method of verification is the cross-sectional analysis method, which is to make the section of all different parts and carry out line-of-sight analysis. for the protection railings affecting the line of sight, under the premise of meeting the protective strength and the form of protective construction, try to use the form of small rod size and sparse arrangement of rod parts, or use transparent visual guard railings to reduce the impact on line of sight.5. evacuation5.1 evacuation design principles: zoned directed evacuation, different functional areas do not cross.5.2 evacuationmode front of grandstand evacuation: all the spectators evacuated down, through the outer rungs of the front aisle directly to the open-air sports ground go up, the upper area of the audience down, to the central grandstand evacuation gate evacuated to the lower part of the grandstand audience rest platform (rest platform is generally open), and then through the outdoor steps or evenly arranged stairs evacuated to the first floor of the outdoor floor, this way is suitable for the grandstand seating more cases, and should be combined with the lower part of the grandstand space to set up public restroom and other services. the actual engineering design can be based on the specific situation of the above three forms of combination.5.3 evacuationtime the evacuation time of each evacuationport should be reasonably determined, as detailed in the table below the evacuation time is calculated according to the number of people in the design, generally desirable single-share circulation line 40 people / minute. the above table time is for reference only, the specific time according to the nature of the project characteristics of reference to the building design fire code.5.4 evacuationroute evacuation routes are generally used: seating - evacuation walkway (crosswalk) - evacuation gate - rest platform (or vip foyer) - outdoor ground.the openings and channel widths of the various parts of the evacuation route should follow certain principles, that is, on the evacuation route, from the evacuation starting point to the end point, the openings and channel widths of each part should not be less than the previous openings and channel widths, so as to ensure the smooth and orderly evacuation route. in particular, it should be noted that when the total width of the outer door than the total width of the internal evacuation port hours, should account for the foyer, rest platform and access, such as the flow of people stranded area to meet the requirements. in the actual engineering design, the outer door safety exit is often opened on the ground floor or outdoor evacuation platform, generally with sufficient conditions to meet the opening width requirements, so the design should avoid the total width of the outside door is insufficient, in order to improve the efficiency and smoothness of evacuation.design time should be based on the number of human flow units will be the evacuation route marked out on the map, in order to facilitate statistical calculation, inspection and inspection.design for temporary seats togetherto consider evacuation design5.5 evacuation width evacuation width is carried out in accordance with the specific requirements of the sports building design code and the building design fire code. the initially calculated evacuation width shall be verified and shall not be less than the evacuation width calculated by the maximum number of seats in the adjacent smaller seats. it is worth noting that in the actual use of engineering cases, there will be a part of the grandstand personnel standing, such as security, administrators, cleaners and so on, this part of the staff does not account for the number of seats. factors that exceed the number of agent designs should be taken into account when designing evacuation widths at 1.1 times the number of fixed seats.6.safetyprotection 6.1 therear of the grandstand and the air-facing parts on both sides of the grandstand, especially the large grandstand, from the ground height, the danger is large, so the daughter wall or guardrail should be 1.2 meters high, such as the edge of the air below the entrance, should be designed anti-falling facilities.each level of the front of the grandstand near the empty part, should be set up not less than 0.9 meters high guardrail, the lower solid part of not less than 0.4m. design should consider the 0.4 meters height solid railings plus 0.5 meters high railings form, that is, to prevent falling safety, but also reduce the impact on the view of the audience. （6.2 inside the grandstand protectionthe height of the guard railing inside the grandstand is not less than 0.9 meters, considering that the lower part of the evacuation gate is gone, the fall is dangerous, the design should refer to the front of the grandstand near the air fortification, the top and sides of the station should be in the form of solid railings and railings. the specification states that when using a backless seat, more than 10 rows should be equipped with guard railings. in general, the back seat height is also limited, poor protection, it is appropriate to every 10 rows of facilities a railing. in practice, there are armrests in the front of each row of the form, armrest height and form through the line of sight design optimization, not only to ensure safety, but also do not affect the audience's line of sight, for people with reduced mobility (non-disabled people) can be said to be intimate design. design a continuous or disconnected curved armrest along the centerline of the vertical walkway.such an approach will be split vertical walkways into two, each share of the flow of people together, conducive to maintaining a good evacuation order, and the second in the vertical walkway up and down the walk can be used at any time handrails, to avoid accidental falls, more secure. the advantage of the spacer armrests is that they satisfy both the above functions and allow the vertical walkways to be connected on both sides, avoiding the embarrassment of going in the wrong direction when looking for a seat. it should be noted that the corners of the spacer armrests should be made into a curved shape to conform to human mechanics.grandstand railings have always been a difficult problem to deal with, is a difficult to let the audience exist, no railings unsafe, with railings will affect the view, so in the actual engineering case, the stadium grandstand will have a part of the seats in the watching the game by the impact of railings, we should pay attention to the design, as far as possible optimization. there are currently methods of lowering the height of the armrests, using thin wire at the upper part of the armrests, and installing glass railings on the concrete flip edges, which are all the designers' explorations in the actual project.7. sectiondesign by the grandstand function partition and grandstand rise difference and other factors, the lower part of the grandstand space pattern is changing, especially in the large and medium-sized grandstand, the partition is diverse, the structure is complex, the internal function is interlaced, should carry out a detailed profile design to ensure that the technology is feasible.the specific method is multi-sectional analysis, for different node parts, are analyzed. in the design time, the grandstand audience area, the podium, the audience evacuation port, the podium evacuation port and other parts are made cross-sectional design and analysis, and in the technical stage, with the structural design docking, to avoid the lower part of the grandstand space unreasonable or even unusable situation.section design should also run through the program stage and technical stage, after each design, section analysis and verification, and optimize the design.8. barrier-free designthe grandstand should consider barrier-free design, including barrier-free seating, accessible toilets, barrier-free transportation, etc. the number of barrier-free seats shall not be less than 0.2% of the total number of seats, and the location shall facilitate easy access by the user with minimal assistance. when designing evacuation routes, it is advisable to set up barrier-free routes separately to avoid mixed evacuations of people with other spectators, affecting evacuation efficiency and not conducive to safety. for example, barrier-free seats close to the evacuation port and evacuation channel settings, the evacuation channel near one side with a guardrail to separate a separate barrier-free access, when used by the management of the nodes on both sides of the channel for control and assistance.Barrier-free seats should be 1.4 x 1.4 metres, which can accommodate an accompanying assistance officer.ConclusionThis paper analyzes the type characteristics of grandstand design, seat design selection factors, details the view of the grandstand and evacuation design methods, dialectically expounds the safety protection and use effect of grandstand, and discusses the design points of section design and barrier-free design. The data used in this paper are partly based on the current standards, and partly from the author's participation in the actual engineering design results.The author discusses the process of sports building grandstand design and the key points and difficulties that should be paid attention to in each link in a step-by-step and procedural way. Hope to be able to help the design and application of sports building grandstands.Reference: Geraint John Rhodes HildebenVictor. Stadium Design Guide (5th Edition) Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2017: 81-149 .Li Lingling and Yang Ling. Sports Architecture . . . Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press, 2014:8-52 .JGJ 31-2003, Sports Architectural Design Code Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2003 .
analysis and discussion of the main points of stadium grandstand architectural design
PengJun Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200072 Summary Health is an inevitable requirement to promote people's all-round development and a basic condition for economic and social development. Under the background of sports power and healthy China, sports boom is on the rise, and sports buildings and facilities as basic hardware are becoming more and more popular. This paper analyzes some key points and difficulties of grandstand design in sports stadiums, and aims to study a reasonable and feasible, step-by-step, easy-to-master, universal application and grandstand design method that can solve key problems.Keywords: Sports architecture; Grandstand design;Line of Sight Design; Grandstand protection With the demand for sports events and the development of economic technology, the stadium grandstand has evolved from a simple concrete step into today's multi-storey composite viewing space. As a space for people to see, the most essential requirement of the grandstand is the viewing effect and security. Therefore, we design with these two basic points in mind, both to improve the viewing of the grandstand, but also to ensure its safety.1 Typeof grandstand 1.1Grandstand function and design focus The grandstand is mainly for spectators to watch the game, and the small outdoor grandstand also has both communication and viewing. The key issues of stadium grandstand design include audience sight, grandstand evacuation, security protection, etc. <1.2 Types and selectionof grandstands According to the height of the front row of the grandstand can be divided into the first row floor-mounted grandstand and the first row lift grandstand.The first row of floor-to-ceiling grandstands is characterized by the first row landing or vertical distance from the ground closer, the grandstand layout can be closer to the playing field, spectators can establish communication with the field, suitable for all types of games and activities Evacuation; due to the landing of the front steps, the overall height of the grandstand is reduced, the view of the grandstand is reduced by the influence of the front row, the viewing angle of the grandstand can be reduced, the grandstand slope can be more slow, very suitable for combining the terrain and downhill grandstand, in addition to the ground-floor grandstand of a large stadium. Large stadium seating is large, in order to set up more seats within a reasonable line of sight range, the ground-floor grandstand landing setting can reduce the distance between the front end of the grandstand and the edge of the arena. The first row of lift-style grandstand features the bottom of the grandstand as a supporting room, the spectator area and the competition venue separated from avoid interference with the game, from the front row, the steps have a certain height, in the grandstand all seats can see all the athletes on the field, good viewing vision, in the lower part of the grandstand supporting room, staff can directly through the window to observe the situation in the competition venue, the event management, event technical work and site security work is very beneficial.Depending on the seating situation in the grandstand, it can be divided into a sitting grandstand and a stand-up grandstand. Station stands are often found in European football stadiums, because of the different levels of football leagues, the number of spectators is very different, stand grandstands can accommodate more spectators in the final. DDue to the line of sight impact, safety, management and other factors, the design of the domestic stadium grandstand is suitable for the use of sitting type.Depending on the construction form, it can be divided into fixed (permanent) grandstands and active grandstands (temporary). At present, there are many types of finished product activity grandstands on the market, can be mechanically assisted control to expand and collect, according to the number of spectators to enable. The event grandstand is also suitable for a variety of sports combinations, with grandstands closed for ample playing space during larger sports events.According to the size of the seat in the grandstand can be divided into single-layer grandstand, multi-layer (stacked) grandstand. Multi-layer (stacked) grandstands can use the space between the upper and lower grandstands to arrange VIP compartments. Multi-layer (overlapping) grandstand construction is complex, high cost, the upper grandstand height is large and steep, easy to produce dizziness, only suitable for large stadiums or one-sided arrangement of grandstands of medium-sized stadiums.1.3 Grandstandlayout Grandstands are generally arranged around sports venues and can be divided into one-sided layout, two-sided layout, U-shaped layout and ring layout according to size and layout. The one-sided layout is arranged on one side of the long axis direction of the sports ground, in order to avoid the influence of sunlight, generally arranged on the west side, the two-sided layout, that is, on both sides of the long axis direction of the stadium, the grandstand seat occupies a better position of view; <2. Sizeand scale 2.1 Grandstand size is determined according to the level of the stadium. First of all, according to the functional positioning of the stadium to determine its building grade, sports buildings are divided into special level (hosting the Asian Games, Olympic Games and world-class competition home), Class A (to hold national and individual international competitions), Class B (to hold regional and national individual competitions), Level C (to host local, mass sports games) four levels. The size of the stadium has a certain correspondence with the level of sports building, according to the sports building grade and the specific needs of the project to further determine the scale. The scale of thestadium is gradedas follows: 2.2 scale to determine the first step from the edge of the competition site horizontal distance, to the most common track and field as an example, considering the buffer distance of the competition venue, advertising space and the staff traffic and necessary activity distance, in general, the front row of the grandstand to the edge of the track 6 to 12 meters is appropriate.Take the front step length L (for the ring grandstand is perimeter). After the vertical walkway width, evacuation exit width, seat left and right spacing, etc. are apportioned, the average width of each seat is about 0.6 meters according to the engineering example, then the number of seats in the first row is L/0.6, and then the number of rows is determined according to the overall size of the grandstand (the number of seats per row of the ring grandstand will be increased by a number of front row, calculated to be taken into account), and then according to the selected front and rear distance, and then determine the grandstand size plane.The height of the grandstand depends on two factors: the height of the first row relative to the height of the ground rise in the sports field, and the average height difference between the adjacent two rows. The height of the first row rises mainly depends on whether there is a pass requirement in the lower part, when there is a pass requirement, the net height of the channel is not less than 2 meters, then the height of the first row step step from the ground of the stadium is: ≥ 2 meters plus beam height. For example: the use of frame structure form, column span 7 to 8 meters, beam height of 600mm, then the first row rise of 2.7 meters is more appropriate. The front and rear row of the high difference can be between 350 to 550mm value, choose the high difference, pay attention to whether the front and rear row distance meets the vertical walkway up and down the walking steps laid. When the number of rows is small, it is advisable to use the same high difference to simplify the construction, and when the number of rows is high, the high difference in the back row should be gradually increased in order to achieve better line-of-sight effect.3. Seatdesign Seat design mainly involves three aspects: seat form, front and rear distance, front and rear high difference. The topheight of the seat suitable for human comfort in the grandstand is generally 400 to 450mm.3.1 Seat form is divided into back-to-back and backless (including stool) two forms, according to the installation method has the step front stepping surface installation, step rear stepping surface installation, step wall mounting.In the case of the same quality seat, the cost of these three installation methods from high to low in turn: step rear stepping installation, step wall mounting, step front stepping installation.The step rear stepper mounting seats are fixed and folded and are generally used at low step heights. Folding seat advantage is to expand the width of the aisle in front of the seat, walking and evacuation is more convenient, do not use when the seat plate folding and retracing, not easy to accumulate water, ash. The disadvantage is that the seat support is installed on the tread, step face cleaning is more troublesome, easy to accumulate dirt;the step front stepping mounting seat is installed in front of the step step, usually directly nailed to the ground or with a simple bracket. the height of the steps is suitable for use at 370 to 400mm. the two biggest differences between this form of seating and the other two are: each step step in front of the installation of the front row of seats, the back of the treading side of the row of passages, so each row of seats on both sides and vertical walkway steps connected to a certain width (generally a flow of people, that is, 600mm), so that the audience can walk to the vertical walkway. as a result, the step utilization rate is reduced, and at each row of vertical walkways, there is no blocking between the adjacent two steps, reducing safety. the solution is to pan the small steps in the vertical walkway back and eat into the grandstand steps, as shown in figure 4.however, this measure interrupts the triangular cross-section of the grandstand steps, resulting in the lower beam of the grandstand structure affecting the net height of the lower space, which should be noted when adopting. the front step mounting seat is the most economical, the installation is the most simple and convenient, so the practical application is more extensive.step wall mounting seats, mounted on the back row of steps on the kick surface, requires the steps have a certain height, generally more than 400mm with installation conditions. wall-mounted seats are also divided into fixed and folding, with features similar to those mounted on the rear stepping of the steps. compared to the other two mounting forms, wall mounting seats have little problem of accumulating dirt, and cleaning is most convenient. wall-mounted seats are placed at the rear of the steps, so each row of seats can be arranged to the edge of the vertical walkway steps, which are highly utilized.however, from a hygienic and clean point of view, the fewer seats are mounted on the tread, the easier the steps are to be cleaned, so the kick mount (wall mount) is more appropriate.3.2 frontand rear rear pitch the choice of frontand rear rear distance depends mainly on the seat, and the size of the seat is shown in the following image: after the seat is determined, the distance can be further determined. it is worth noting that the grandstand steps are arranged in multiple rows, except for the first and last row and the exclusion of adjacent horizontal walkways, the net size of the steps will not be affected by the tectonic level.3.3 after determining the seat form and distance, combined with the seat installation requirements and vertical walkway adjacent rows of small steps laying requirements, basically can limit the front and rear row height difference to a very small range, at this time the determination of the height difference mainly depends on the factors of high line of sight.4.lineof sight design line of sight design runs through the program and technical stages of grandstand design, and the line of sight analysis, verification and adjustment should be carried out in many different design nodes in order to achieve the best visual effects under the premise of meeting the technical requirements. the view of the grandstand is influenced by many factors, such as the orientation of the grandstand seat, the distance between the grandstand and the sports field, the distance of the grandstand, the height difference of the grandstand, so the view view design of the grandstand is a dynamic design analysis process in the whole design process, which should be adjusted and optimized with various influencing factors.4.1 line-of-sight design methods are: row-by-row calculation, line-by-line calculation, arbitrary order calculation, drawing method. the drawing method is the most simple and intuitive, and can avoid the systemic trouble caused by the calculation error, so it can be used as the design method of choice in the design stage and the expression method of line-of-sight analysis. figure 6。(Figure VI)The height and position of the viewpoint vary according to the type of sports, generally take the most adverse point of the ground position at the edge of the competition venue for design analysis, and the human eye sitting height is based on the average height h-1150mm.4.2 According to the horizontal distance from the sports field, front and rear row distance, grandstand elevation difference and other factors determined in the preceding section, the grandstand contours are drawn. In order to ensure the accuracy of the line-of-sight design, the position of the human eye should be determined according to the form of the mounting seat.The line-of-sight elevation difference C value is the vertical distance between the human eye and the rear row of sight, and the purpose of controlling the line-of-sight rise difference is to ensure that the line of sight of the rear-row personnel is not obscured by the head of the front-row personnel. C value control between 6cm to 12cm, C value 6cm is the most basic line of sight requirements, grandstand design all seats to be guaranteed, C value 12cm can achieve better line of sight effect, suitable for viewing higher standard seats, such as the podium, VIP area, comment area, etc., as well as the front and rear row of fewer cases.In practical engineering cases, sometimes in order to reduce the front head cover, take the form of front and rear seats staggered arrangement, this way in the viewpoint concentration of the report hall is more appropriate, but in the viewpoint scattered stadium, the effect is minimal, because the audience most of the time is not looking forward, but with the pace of the game, constantly watching the left front or right front. It is also important to note that when watching the game, most spectators wear hats out of shade or support for the team, and the eaves are easily obscured from the rear view. Therefore, the engineering design, within the scope of the conditions, as much as possible to increase the line of sight difference to ensure better line-of-sight effect. It should be noted, however, that in order to meet a given C value, the rear of the grandstand is very high, the grandstand slope is steep, affecting the safety of walking and causing a sense of vertigo. The grandstand should not be designed to be more than 30 degrees.line of sight design should also pay attention to the front of the grandstand channel, guardrails to block the line of sight, the top of the grandstand evacuation port railings to block the line of sight. the method of verification is the cross-sectional analysis method, which is to make the section of all different parts and carry out line-of-sight analysis. for the protection railings affecting the line of sight, under the premise of meeting the protective strength and the form of protective construction, try to use the form of small rod size and sparse arrangement of rod parts, or use transparent visual guard railings to reduce the impact on line of sight.5. evacuation5.1 evacuation design principles: zoned directed evacuation, different functional areas do not cross.5.2 evacuationmode front of grandstand evacuation: all the spectators evacuated down, through the outer rungs of the front aisle directly to the open-air sports ground go up, the upper area of the audience down, to the central grandstand evacuation gate evacuated to the lower part of the grandstand audience rest platform (rest platform is generally open), and then through the outdoor steps or evenly arranged stairs evacuated to the first floor of the outdoor floor, this way is suitable for the grandstand seating more cases, and should be combined with the lower part of the grandstand space to set up public restroom and other services. the actual engineering design can be based on the specific situation of the above three forms of combination.5.3 evacuationtime the evacuation time of each evacuationport should be reasonably determined, as detailed in the table below the evacuation time is calculated according to the number of people in the design, generally desirable single-share circulation line 40 people / minute. the above table time is for reference only, the specific time according to the nature of the project characteristics of reference to the building design fire code.5.4 evacuationroute evacuation routes are generally used: seating - evacuation walkway (crosswalk) - evacuation gate - rest platform (or vip foyer) - outdoor ground.the openings and channel widths of the various parts of the evacuation route should follow certain principles, that is, on the evacuation route, from the evacuation starting point to the end point, the openings and channel widths of each part should not be less than the previous openings and channel widths, so as to ensure the smooth and orderly evacuation route. in particular, it should be noted that when the total width of the outer door than the total width of the internal evacuation port hours, should account for the foyer, rest platform and access, such as the flow of people stranded area to meet the requirements. in the actual engineering design, the outer door safety exit is often opened on the ground floor or outdoor evacuation platform, generally with sufficient conditions to meet the opening width requirements, so the design should avoid the total width of the outside door is insufficient, in order to improve the efficiency and smoothness of evacuation.design time should be based on the number of human flow units will be the evacuation route marked out on the map, in order to facilitate statistical calculation, inspection and inspection.design for temporary seats togetherto consider evacuation design5.5 evacuation width evacuation width is carried out in accordance with the specific requirements of the sports building design code and the building design fire code. the initially calculated evacuation width shall be verified and shall not be less than the evacuation width calculated by the maximum number of seats in the adjacent smaller seats. it is worth noting that in the actual use of engineering cases, there will be a part of the grandstand personnel standing, such as security, administrators, cleaners and so on, this part of the staff does not account for the number of seats. factors that exceed the number of agent designs should be taken into account when designing evacuation widths at 1.1 times the number of fixed seats.6.safetyprotection 6.1 therear of the grandstand and the air-facing parts on both sides of the grandstand, especially the large grandstand, from the ground height, the danger is large, so the daughter wall or guardrail should be 1.2 meters high, such as the edge of the air below the entrance, should be designed anti-falling facilities.each level of the front of the grandstand near the empty part, should be set up not less than 0.9 meters high guardrail, the lower solid part of not less than 0.4m. design should consider the 0.4 meters height solid railings plus 0.5 meters high railings form, that is, to prevent falling safety, but also reduce the impact on the view of the audience. （6.2 inside the grandstand protectionthe height of the guard railing inside the grandstand is not less than 0.9 meters, considering that the lower part of the evacuation gate is gone, the fall is dangerous, the design should refer to the front of the grandstand near the air fortification, the top and sides of the station should be in the form of solid railings and railings. the specification states that when using a backless seat, more than 10 rows should be equipped with guard railings. in general, the back seat height is also limited, poor protection, it is appropriate to every 10 rows of facilities a railing. in practice, there are armrests in the front of each row of the form, armrest height and form through the line of sight design optimization, not only to ensure safety, but also do not affect the audience's line of sight, for people with reduced mobility (non-disabled people) can be said to be intimate design. design a continuous or disconnected curved armrest along the centerline of the vertical walkway.such an approach will be split vertical walkways into two, each share of the flow of people together, conducive to maintaining a good evacuation order, and the second in the vertical walkway up and down the walk can be used at any time handrails, to avoid accidental falls, more secure. the advantage of the spacer armrests is that they satisfy both the above functions and allow the vertical walkways to be connected on both sides, avoiding the embarrassment of going in the wrong direction when looking for a seat. it should be noted that the corners of the spacer armrests should be made into a curved shape to conform to human mechanics.grandstand railings have always been a difficult problem to deal with, is a difficult to let the audience exist, no railings unsafe, with railings will affect the view, so in the actual engineering case, the stadium grandstand will have a part of the seats in the watching the game by the impact of railings, we should pay attention to the design, as far as possible optimization. there are currently methods of lowering the height of the armrests, using thin wire at the upper part of the armrests, and installing glass railings on the concrete flip edges, which are all the designers' explorations in the actual project.7. sectiondesign by the grandstand function partition and grandstand rise difference and other factors, the lower part of the grandstand space pattern is changing, especially in the large and medium-sized grandstand, the partition is diverse, the structure is complex, the internal function is interlaced, should carry out a detailed profile design to ensure that the technology is feasible.the specific method is multi-sectional analysis, for different node parts, are analyzed. in the design time, the grandstand audience area, the podium, the audience evacuation port, the podium evacuation port and other parts are made cross-sectional design and analysis, and in the technical stage, with the structural design docking, to avoid the lower part of the grandstand space unreasonable or even unusable situation.section design should also run through the program stage and technical stage, after each design, section analysis and verification, and optimize the design.8. barrier-free designthe grandstand should consider barrier-free design, including barrier-free seating, accessible toilets, barrier-free transportation, etc. the number of barrier-free seats shall not be less than 0.2% of the total number of seats, and the location shall facilitate easy access by the user with minimal assistance. when designing evacuation routes, it is advisable to set up barrier-free routes separately to avoid mixed evacuations of people with other spectators, affecting evacuation efficiency and not conducive to safety. for example, barrier-free seats close to the evacuation port and evacuation channel settings, the evacuation channel near one side with a guardrail to separate a separate barrier-free access, when used by the management of the nodes on both sides of the channel for control and assistance.Barrier-free seats should be 1.4 x 1.4 metres, which can accommodate an accompanying assistance officer.ConclusionThis paper analyzes the type characteristics of grandstand design, seat design selection factors, details the view of the grandstand and evacuation design methods, dialectically expounds the safety protection and use effect of grandstand, and discusses the design points of section design and barrier-free design. The data used in this paper are partly based on the current standards, and partly from the author's participation in the actual engineering design results.The author discusses the process of sports building grandstand design and the key points and difficulties that should be paid attention to in each link in a step-by-step and procedural way. Hope to be able to help the design and application of sports building grandstands.Reference: Geraint John Rhodes HildebenVictor. Stadium Design Guide (5th Edition) Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2017: 81-149 .Li Lingling and Yang Ling. Sports Architecture . . . Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press, 2014:8-52 .JGJ 31-2003, Sports Architectural Design Code Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2003 .
analysis and discussion of the main points of stadium grandstand architectural design
PengJun Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200072 Summary Health is an inevitable requirement to promote people's all-round development and a basic condition for economic and social development. Under the background of sports power and healthy China, sports boom is on the rise, and sports buildings and facilities as basic hardware are becoming more and more popular. This paper analyzes some key points and difficulties of grandstand design in sports stadiums, and aims to study a reasonable and feasible, step-by-step, easy-to-master, universal application and grandstand design method that can solve key problems.Keywords: Sports architecture; Grandstand design;Line of Sight Design; Grandstand protection With the demand for sports events and the development of economic technology, the stadium grandstand has evolved from a simple concrete step into today's multi-storey composite viewing space. As a space for people to see, the most essential requirement of the grandstand is the viewing effect and security. Therefore, we design with these two basic points in mind, both to improve the viewing of the grandstand, but also to ensure its safety.1 Typeof grandstand 1.1Grandstand function and design focus The grandstand is mainly for spectators to watch the game, and the small outdoor grandstand also has both communication and viewing. The key issues of stadium grandstand design include audience sight, grandstand evacuation, security protection, etc. <1.2 Types and selectionof grandstands According to the height of the front row of the grandstand can be divided into the first row floor-mounted grandstand and the first row lift grandstand.The first row of floor-to-ceiling grandstands is characterized by the first row landing or vertical distance from the ground closer, the grandstand layout can be closer to the playing field, spectators can establish communication with the field, suitable for all types of games and activities Evacuation; due to the landing of the front steps, the overall height of the grandstand is reduced, the view of the grandstand is reduced by the influence of the front row, the viewing angle of the grandstand can be reduced, the grandstand slope can be more slow, very suitable for combining the terrain and downhill grandstand, in addition to the ground-floor grandstand of a large stadium. Large stadium seating is large, in order to set up more seats within a reasonable line of sight range, the ground-floor grandstand landing setting can reduce the distance between the front end of the grandstand and the edge of the arena. The first row of lift-style grandstand features the bottom of the grandstand as a supporting room, the spectator area and the competition venue separated from avoid interference with the game, from the front row, the steps have a certain height, in the grandstand all seats can see all the athletes on the field, good viewing vision, in the lower part of the grandstand supporting room, staff can directly through the window to observe the situation in the competition venue, the event management, event technical work and site security work is very beneficial.Depending on the seating situation in the grandstand, it can be divided into a sitting grandstand and a stand-up grandstand. Station stands are often found in European football stadiums, because of the different levels of football leagues, the number of spectators is very different, stand grandstands can accommodate more spectators in the final. DDue to the line of sight impact, safety, management and other factors, the design of the domestic stadium grandstand is suitable for the use of sitting type.Depending on the construction form, it can be divided into fixed (permanent) grandstands and active grandstands (temporary). At present, there are many types of finished product activity grandstands on the market, can be mechanically assisted control to expand and collect, according to the number of spectators to enable. The event grandstand is also suitable for a variety of sports combinations, with grandstands closed for ample playing space during larger sports events.According to the size of the seat in the grandstand can be divided into single-layer grandstand, multi-layer (stacked) grandstand. Multi-layer (stacked) grandstands can use the space between the upper and lower grandstands to arrange VIP compartments. Multi-layer (overlapping) grandstand construction is complex, high cost, the upper grandstand height is large and steep, easy to produce dizziness, only suitable for large stadiums or one-sided arrangement of grandstands of medium-sized stadiums.1.3 Grandstandlayout Grandstands are generally arranged around sports venues and can be divided into one-sided layout, two-sided layout, U-shaped layout and ring layout according to size and layout. The one-sided layout is arranged on one side of the long axis direction of the sports ground, in order to avoid the influence of sunlight, generally arranged on the west side, the two-sided layout, that is, on both sides of the long axis direction of the stadium, the grandstand seat occupies a better position of view; <2. Sizeand scale 2.1 Grandstand size is determined according to the level of the stadium. First of all, according to the functional positioning of the stadium to determine its building grade, sports buildings are divided into special level (hosting the Asian Games, Olympic Games and world-class competition home), Class A (to hold national and individual international competitions), Class B (to hold regional and national individual competitions), Level C (to host local, mass sports games) four levels. The size of the stadium has a certain correspondence with the level of sports building, according to the sports building grade and the specific needs of the project to further determine the scale. The scale of thestadium is gradedas follows: 2.2 scale to determine the first step from the edge of the competition site horizontal distance, to the most common track and field as an example, considering the buffer distance of the competition venue, advertising space and the staff traffic and necessary activity distance, in general, the front row of the grandstand to the edge of the track 6 to 12 meters is appropriate.Take the front step length L (for the ring grandstand is perimeter). After the vertical walkway width, evacuation exit width, seat left and right spacing, etc. are apportioned, the average width of each seat is about 0.6 meters according to the engineering example, then the number of seats in the first row is L/0.6, and then the number of rows is determined according to the overall size of the grandstand (the number of seats per row of the ring grandstand will be increased by a number of front row, calculated to be taken into account), and then according to the selected front and rear distance, and then determine the grandstand size plane.The height of the grandstand depends on two factors: the height of the first row relative to the height of the ground rise in the sports field, and the average height difference between the adjacent two rows. The height of the first row rises mainly depends on whether there is a pass requirement in the lower part, when there is a pass requirement, the net height of the channel is not less than 2 meters, then the height of the first row step step from the ground of the stadium is: ≥ 2 meters plus beam height. For example: the use of frame structure form, column span 7 to 8 meters, beam height of 600mm, then the first row rise of 2.7 meters is more appropriate. The front and rear row of the high difference can be between 350 to 550mm value, choose the high difference, pay attention to whether the front and rear row distance meets the vertical walkway up and down the walking steps laid. When the number of rows is small, it is advisable to use the same high difference to simplify the construction, and when the number of rows is high, the high difference in the back row should be gradually increased in order to achieve better line-of-sight effect.3. Seatdesign Seat design mainly involves three aspects: seat form, front and rear distance, front and rear high difference. The topheight of the seat suitable for human comfort in the grandstand is generally 400 to 450mm.3.1 Seat form is divided into back-to-back and backless (including stool) two forms, according to the installation method has the step front stepping surface installation, step rear stepping surface installation, step wall mounting.In the case of the same quality seat, the cost of these three installation methods from high to low in turn: step rear stepping installation, step wall mounting, step front stepping installation.The step rear stepper mounting seats are fixed and folded and are generally used at low step heights. Folding seat advantage is to expand the width of the aisle in front of the seat, walking and evacuation is more convenient, do not use when the seat plate folding and retracing, not easy to accumulate water, ash. The disadvantage is that the seat support is installed on the tread, step face cleaning is more troublesome, easy to accumulate dirt;the step front stepping mounting seat is installed in front of the step step, usually directly nailed to the ground or with a simple bracket. the height of the steps is suitable for use at 370 to 400mm. the two biggest differences between this form of seating and the other two are: each step step in front of the installation of the front row of seats, the back of the treading side of the row of passages, so each row of seats on both sides and vertical walkway steps connected to a certain width (generally a flow of people, that is, 600mm), so that the audience can walk to the vertical walkway. as a result, the step utilization rate is reduced, and at each row of vertical walkways, there is no blocking between the adjacent two steps, reducing safety. the solution is to pan the small steps in the vertical walkway back and eat into the grandstand steps, as shown in figure 4.however, this measure interrupts the triangular cross-section of the grandstand steps, resulting in the lower beam of the grandstand structure affecting the net height of the lower space, which should be noted when adopting. the front step mounting seat is the most economical, the installation is the most simple and convenient, so the practical application is more extensive.step wall mounting seats, mounted on the back row of steps on the kick surface, requires the steps have a certain height, generally more than 400mm with installation conditions. wall-mounted seats are also divided into fixed and folding, with features similar to those mounted on the rear stepping of the steps. compared to the other two mounting forms, wall mounting seats have little problem of accumulating dirt, and cleaning is most convenient. wall-mounted seats are placed at the rear of the steps, so each row of seats can be arranged to the edge of the vertical walkway steps, which are highly utilized.however, from a hygienic and clean point of view, the fewer seats are mounted on the tread, the easier the steps are to be cleaned, so the kick mount (wall mount) is more appropriate.3.2 frontand rear rear pitch the choice of frontand rear rear distance depends mainly on the seat, and the size of the seat is shown in the following image: after the seat is determined, the distance can be further determined. it is worth noting that the grandstand steps are arranged in multiple rows, except for the first and last row and the exclusion of adjacent horizontal walkways, the net size of the steps will not be affected by the tectonic level.3.3 after determining the seat form and distance, combined with the seat installation requirements and vertical walkway adjacent rows of small steps laying requirements, basically can limit the front and rear row height difference to a very small range, at this time the determination of the height difference mainly depends on the factors of high line of sight.4.lineof sight design line of sight design runs through the program and technical stages of grandstand design, and the line of sight analysis, verification and adjustment should be carried out in many different design nodes in order to achieve the best visual effects under the premise of meeting the technical requirements. the view of the grandstand is influenced by many factors, such as the orientation of the grandstand seat, the distance between the grandstand and the sports field, the distance of the grandstand, the height difference of the grandstand, so the view view design of the grandstand is a dynamic design analysis process in the whole design process, which should be adjusted and optimized with various influencing factors.4.1 line-of-sight design methods are: row-by-row calculation, line-by-line calculation, arbitrary order calculation, drawing method. the drawing method is the most simple and intuitive, and can avoid the systemic trouble caused by the calculation error, so it can be used as the design method of choice in the design stage and the expression method of line-of-sight analysis. figure 6。(Figure VI)The height and position of the viewpoint vary according to the type of sports, generally take the most adverse point of the ground position at the edge of the competition venue for design analysis, and the human eye sitting height is based on the average height h-1150mm.4.2 According to the horizontal distance from the sports field, front and rear row distance, grandstand elevation difference and other factors determined in the preceding section, the grandstand contours are drawn. In order to ensure the accuracy of the line-of-sight design, the position of the human eye should be determined according to the form of the mounting seat.The line-of-sight elevation difference C value is the vertical distance between the human eye and the rear row of sight, and the purpose of controlling the line-of-sight rise difference is to ensure that the line of sight of the rear-row personnel is not obscured by the head of the front-row personnel. C value control between 6cm to 12cm, C value 6cm is the most basic line of sight requirements, grandstand design all seats to be guaranteed, C value 12cm can achieve better line of sight effect, suitable for viewing higher standard seats, such as the podium, VIP area, comment area, etc., as well as the front and rear row of fewer cases.In practical engineering cases, sometimes in order to reduce the front head cover, take the form of front and rear seats staggered arrangement, this way in the viewpoint concentration of the report hall is more appropriate, but in the viewpoint scattered stadium, the effect is minimal, because the audience most of the time is not looking forward, but with the pace of the game, constantly watching the left front or right front. It is also important to note that when watching the game, most spectators wear hats out of shade or support for the team, and the eaves are easily obscured from the rear view. Therefore, the engineering design, within the scope of the conditions, as much as possible to increase the line of sight difference to ensure better line-of-sight effect. It should be noted, however, that in order to meet a given C value, the rear of the grandstand is very high, the grandstand slope is steep, affecting the safety of walking and causing a sense of vertigo. The grandstand should not be designed to be more than 30 degrees.line of sight design should also pay attention to the front of the grandstand channel, guardrails to block the line of sight, the top of the grandstand evacuation port railings to block the line of sight. the method of verification is the cross-sectional analysis method, which is to make the section of all different parts and carry out line-of-sight analysis. for the protection railings affecting the line of sight, under the premise of meeting the protective strength and the form of protective construction, try to use the form of small rod size and sparse arrangement of rod parts, or use transparent visual guard railings to reduce the impact on line of sight.5. evacuation5.1 evacuation design principles: zoned directed evacuation, different functional areas do not cross.5.2 evacuationmode front of grandstand evacuation: all the spectators evacuated down, through the outer rungs of the front aisle directly to the open-air sports ground go up, the upper area of the audience down, to the central grandstand evacuation gate evacuated to the lower part of the grandstand audience rest platform (rest platform is generally open), and then through the outdoor steps or evenly arranged stairs evacuated to the first floor of the outdoor floor, this way is suitable for the grandstand seating more cases, and should be combined with the lower part of the grandstand space to set up public restroom and other services. the actual engineering design can be based on the specific situation of the above three forms of combination.5.3 evacuationtime the evacuation time of each evacuationport should be reasonably determined, as detailed in the table below the evacuation time is calculated according to the number of people in the design, generally desirable single-share circulation line 40 people / minute. the above table time is for reference only, the specific time according to the nature of the project characteristics of reference to the building design fire code.5.4 evacuationroute evacuation routes are generally used: seating - evacuation walkway (crosswalk) - evacuation gate - rest platform (or vip foyer) - outdoor ground.the openings and channel widths of the various parts of the evacuation route should follow certain principles, that is, on the evacuation route, from the evacuation starting point to the end point, the openings and channel widths of each part should not be less than the previous openings and channel widths, so as to ensure the smooth and orderly evacuation route. in particular, it should be noted that when the total width of the outer door than the total width of the internal evacuation port hours, should account for the foyer, rest platform and access, such as the flow of people stranded area to meet the requirements. in the actual engineering design, the outer door safety exit is often opened on the ground floor or outdoor evacuation platform, generally with sufficient conditions to meet the opening width requirements, so the design should avoid the total width of the outside door is insufficient, in order to improve the efficiency and smoothness of evacuation.design time should be based on the number of human flow units will be the evacuation route marked out on the map, in order to facilitate statistical calculation, inspection and inspection.design for temporary seats togetherto consider evacuation design5.5 evacuation width evacuation width is carried out in accordance with the specific requirements of the sports building design code and the building design fire code. the initially calculated evacuation width shall be verified and shall not be less than the evacuation width calculated by the maximum number of seats in the adjacent smaller seats. it is worth noting that in the actual use of engineering cases, there will be a part of the grandstand personnel standing, such as security, administrators, cleaners and so on, this part of the staff does not account for the number of seats. factors that exceed the number of agent designs should be taken into account when designing evacuation widths at 1.1 times the number of fixed seats.6.safetyprotection 6.1 therear of the grandstand and the air-facing parts on both sides of the grandstand, especially the large grandstand, from the ground height, the danger is large, so the daughter wall or guardrail should be 1.2 meters high, such as the edge of the air below the entrance, should be designed anti-falling facilities.each level of the front of the grandstand near the empty part, should be set up not less than 0.9 meters high guardrail, the lower solid part of not less than 0.4m. design should consider the 0.4 meters height solid railings plus 0.5 meters high railings form, that is, to prevent falling safety, but also reduce the impact on the view of the audience. （6.2 inside the grandstand protectionthe height of the guard railing inside the grandstand is not less than 0.9 meters, considering that the lower part of the evacuation gate is gone, the fall is dangerous, the design should refer to the front of the grandstand near the air fortification, the top and sides of the station should be in the form of solid railings and railings. the specification states that when using a backless seat, more than 10 rows should be equipped with guard railings. in general, the back seat height is also limited, poor protection, it is appropriate to every 10 rows of facilities a railing. in practice, there are armrests in the front of each row of the form, armrest height and form through the line of sight design optimization, not only to ensure safety, but also do not affect the audience's line of sight, for people with reduced mobility (non-disabled people) can be said to be intimate design. design a continuous or disconnected curved armrest along the centerline of the vertical walkway.such an approach will be split vertical walkways into two, each share of the flow of people together, conducive to maintaining a good evacuation order, and the second in the vertical walkway up and down the walk can be used at any time handrails, to avoid accidental falls, more secure. the advantage of the spacer armrests is that they satisfy both the above functions and allow the vertical walkways to be connected on both sides, avoiding the embarrassment of going in the wrong direction when looking for a seat. it should be noted that the corners of the spacer armrests should be made into a curved shape to conform to human mechanics.grandstand railings have always been a difficult problem to deal with, is a difficult to let the audience exist, no railings unsafe, with railings will affect the view, so in the actual engineering case, the stadium grandstand will have a part of the seats in the watching the game by the impact of railings, we should pay attention to the design, as far as possible optimization. there are currently methods of lowering the height of the armrests, using thin wire at the upper part of the armrests, and installing glass railings on the concrete flip edges, which are all the designers' explorations in the actual project.7. sectiondesign by the grandstand function partition and grandstand rise difference and other factors, the lower part of the grandstand space pattern is changing, especially in the large and medium-sized grandstand, the partition is diverse, the structure is complex, the internal function is interlaced, should carry out a detailed profile design to ensure that the technology is feasible.the specific method is multi-sectional analysis, for different node parts, are analyzed. in the design time, the grandstand audience area, the podium, the audience evacuation port, the podium evacuation port and other parts are made cross-sectional design and analysis, and in the technical stage, with the structural design docking, to avoid the lower part of the grandstand space unreasonable or even unusable situation.section design should also run through the program stage and technical stage, after each design, section analysis and verification, and optimize the design.8. barrier-free designthe grandstand should consider barrier-free design, including barrier-free seating, accessible toilets, barrier-free transportation, etc. the number of barrier-free seats shall not be less than 0.2% of the total number of seats, and the location shall facilitate easy access by the user with minimal assistance. when designing evacuation routes, it is advisable to set up barrier-free routes separately to avoid mixed evacuations of people with other spectators, affecting evacuation efficiency and not conducive to safety. for example, barrier-free seats close to the evacuation port and evacuation channel settings, the evacuation channel near one side with a guardrail to separate a separate barrier-free access, when used by the management of the nodes on both sides of the channel for control and assistance.Barrier-free seats should be 1.4 x 1.4 metres, which can accommodate an accompanying assistance officer.ConclusionThis paper analyzes the type characteristics of grandstand design, seat design selection factors, details the view of the grandstand and evacuation design methods, dialectically expounds the safety protection and use effect of grandstand, and discusses the design points of section design and barrier-free design. The data used in this paper are partly based on the current standards, and partly from the author's participation in the actual engineering design results.The author discusses the process of sports building grandstand design and the key points and difficulties that should be paid attention to in each link in a step-by-step and procedural way. Hope to be able to help the design and application of sports building grandstands.Reference: Geraint John Rhodes HildebenVictor. Stadium Design Guide (5th Edition) Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2017: 81-149 .Li Lingling and Yang Ling. Sports Architecture . . . Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press, 2014:8-52 .JGJ 31-2003, Sports Architectural Design Code Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2003 .